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2020年各地高考英语真题中的构词法(附检测小卷)

2020年各地高考英语真题中的构词法(附检测小卷)

词汇量一直是影响英语学习效率的一个重要因素。掌握词汇若仅靠死记硬背是十分低效的。其中一个重要的方法是关注词汇的组合规律,了解构词法的相关知识。

掌握构词法不仅有助于理解和记忆词汇,同时对于学生认识新词、扩大词汇量及在词汇部分的运用都具有重要意义。

英语中常见的构词法有派生法(Derivation)、合成法(Compounding)和转化法(Conversion)三大类。

在每年的高考英语试题中,都会出现大量的派生词、合成词和转化词,而这些词很有可能会影响学生的阅读速度和精准度。

接下来小编为大家汇总了2020年各地高考英语真题中出现的重要派生词、合成词和转化词,快来看看你认识多少吧!

一、派生词

全国I卷

ensure (en- + sure) v 确保;保证

en-:使(make

additional (addition + -al) adj 额外的

-al:……的(of)

familiarity (familiar + -ity) n 熟悉;亲近

-ity:表示具有某种特征的状态(the condition)

transformative (transform + -ive) adj 革命性的;变革的

-ive:具有……性质的(having the quality of ~ing)

physically (physical + -ly)adv身体上

approximately (approximate + -ly) adv 大约

uncommon (un- + common) adj 不常有的;罕见的

un-:不(not)

employee (employ + -ee) n 受雇者;雇员

-ee:被……者(a person who is ~ed)

harmful (harm + -ful) adj 有害的

-ful:易于……的(having the tendency of)

treatment (treat + -ment) n 处理;治疗

-ment:……的行为(the act of ~ing)

empower (em- + power) v 授权;使能够

em- (=en-):使(make

apparently (apparent + -ly) adv显然地

merely (mere + -ly) adv仅仅;只不过

absolutely (absolute + -ly) adv绝对地;完全地

unreasonable (un- + reasonable) adj 不合理的

un-:不(not)

repeatedly (repeated + -ly)adv重复地;再三地

temporarily (temporary + -ly)adv 暂时地

casually (casual + -ly)adv 偶然地;随意地

extremely (extreme + -ly)adv 极其;非常

全国II卷

inspirational (inspiration + -al) adj 启发灵感的

-al:有……性质的(having the nature of)

psychologist (psychology + -ist) n 心理学家

-ist:从事……的专家

predictor (predict + -or) n 有预测作用的事物

-or:……物(a thing that ~s)

developmental (development + -al) adj 发展的

-al:……的(of)

environmentalist (environmental + -ist) n 环保主义者

-ist:……主义者

ecologist (ecology + -ist) n 生态学家

ecosystem (eco- + system) n生态系统

eco-:生态(abstracted from “ecology”

biologist (biology + -ist) n生物学家

risky (risk + -y) adj 冒险的

-y:有……特征的(characterized by)

wonderment (wonder + -ment) n惊奇;惊喜

-ment:the state of ~ing(……的状况)

excitement (excite + -ment) n激动;兴奋

-ment:the state of ~ing(……的状况)

novelist (novel + -ist) n小说家

announcement (announce + -ment) n宣布;宣告

-ment:the act of ~ing(……的行为)

uneasy (un- + easy) adj不自在的;忧虑的

-un:不(not)

soften (soft + -en) v 使变温和

-en:使(cause to be)

enable (en- + able) v使能够

en-:使(make

conversational (conversation + -al) adj 交谈的;谈话的

-al:……的(of)

certainly (certain + -ly) adv 必然;肯定地

renewal (renew + -al) n 恢复;更新

-al:……行为(the act of ~ing)

surely (sure + -ly) adv 一定;必定;想必

全国III卷

tasty (taste + -y) adj 美味的

-y:有……特征的(characterized by)

enrich (en- + rich) v丰富

en-:使(make

treasury (treasure + -y)n 宝库

exceptional (exception + -al)adj 非凡的

multigenerational (multi- + generation + -al)adj 多代的

multi-:多的(many)

traditionally(traditional + -ly) adv 历来

coastal(coast + -al)adj 近海的;沿海的

characteristic(character + -istic)n特征;特色;特点

registry (register + -y)n 登记处

unpack (un- + pack) v 打开(盒子、包或手提箱等)取出(物品)

un-:取走(to remove)

speechless (speech + -less)adj 说不出话的

-less:无(without)

milky(milk + -y)adj 奶制的;像奶的

-y:多……的(full of)

gently(gentle + -ly)adj 温柔地;温和地

effectiveness(effective + -ness)n有效性

-ness:……的性质或状态(the quality or condition of being)

guidance(guide + -ance)n指导;引导

-ance:……的行为(the act of ~ing)

popularity(popular + -ity)n受欢迎;普及;流行

-ity:……的状态(the condition of)

浙江卷

meaningful(meaning + -ful)adj 有意义的

-ful:充满……的(full of)

widen(wide + -en)v(使)变宽

-en:使(cause to be)

analytical (analytic + -al)adj 分析的

managerial (manager + -ial)adj 管理的

multitasking (multi- + task + -ing)n 同时做几件事情

multi-:多的(many)

environmental(environment + -al)adj 环境的;环保的

loneliness (lonely + -ness)n 孤独

-ness:……的性质或状态(the quality or condition of being)

helpful(help + -ful)adj 有帮助的;有益的

-ful:充满……的(full of)

colorful(color + -ful)adj颜色鲜艳的;五彩缤纷的

-ful:充满……的(full of)

machinery(machine + -ery)n机器;机械

-ery:……的群体或集体(a group of ~s)

山东卷

disqualification (dis- + qualify + -tion)n取消资格

dis-:取消(undo)

warmth (warm + -th)n温暖;热情

-th:……的性质或状态(the quality or condition of being)

architectural(architecture + -al)adj建筑学的;建筑方面的

sadden(sad + -en)v 使悲哀;使悲痛

-en:使(cause to be)

reportage(report + -age)n 事件报道

-age:……行为(the act or of ~ing)

eventful (event + -ful)adj 多事故的;经历丰富的

-ful:充满……的(full of)

viewership (viewer + -ship)n(电视节目或频道的)观众人数;观众类型

-ship:……的数量(the number of ~s)

significantly (significant + -ly)adv 显著地;明显地

extremely (extreme + -ly)adv 非常;极其

overweight (over- + weight)adj 超重的

over-:过多(too much)

earthen (earth + -en)adj 陶制的

-en:由……制成的(be made of)

二、合成词

全国I卷

timetable (time + table) n 时刻表

wheelchair (wheel + chair) n 轮椅

workplace (work + place) n 工作场所

houseplant (house + plant) n 室内盆栽植物

groundwater (ground + water) n 地下水

lifetime (life + time) n 一生;终生

daylight (day + light) n 日光

highway (high + way) 公路;大道

onboard (on + board) adj 在船(或飞机、车)上的

全国II卷

award-winning (award + winning) adj 获奖的

parkland (park + land) n(如乡村大宅院周围的)有草木的开阔地

fine art (fine + art) n美术(尤指绘画和雕塑)

math-related (math + related) adj 与数学相关的

high-income (high + income) adj 高收入的

self-control (self + control) n自制力

showcase (show + case) v 展示

guilt-free (guilt + free) adj 没有负罪感的

wetland (wet + land) n 湿地;沼泽

outcome (out + come) n 结果

全国III卷

footstep (foot + step) n 脚步声;足迹

waterway (water + way) n水路;航道

in-depth (in + depth) adj 彻底的;渗入详尽的

underground (under + ground) adj 地下的

fur-coat-wearing (fur + coat + wearing) adj 穿毛皮大衣的

full-body (full + body) adj 全身的

filmmaker (film + maker) n 电影制作人

realistic-looking (realistic + looking) adj 逼真的

off-set (off + set) adj 在拍摄场外的

doorway (door + way) n 门口;门道

mother-in-law (mother + in + law) n 岳母;婆婆

standpoint (stand + point)n 观点;立场

household (house + hold) n 一家人;家庭

carefree (care + free) adj 无忧无虑的;无牵挂的;无责任的

highland (high + land) n 高地;高原

houseboat (house + boat) n 船屋

shellfish (shell + fish) n(尤指可以吃的)水生有壳动物

underwater (under + water) adv 在水下;在水中

housewarming (house + warming) n乔迁聚会

firewood (fire + wood) n柴火;木柴

businesswoman (business + woman) n女商人;女企业家

handbag (hand + bag) n手提包

shopkeeper (shop + keeper) n店主

salesperson (sale + person) n售货员

lifelike (life + like) adj 逼真的;生动的;栩栩如生的

masterpiece (master + piece) n杰作;名著;代表作

waterfall (water + fall) n瀑布

浙江卷

playgoer (play + goer) n 经常去戏院看戏的人;爱看戏的人

play-reader (play + reader) n(为出版商、演出人或剧团等阅读并评价剧本的)剧本读评人

houselight (house + light) n剧院灯光

cure-all (cure + all) n万灵药;灵丹妙药

overall (over + all) adj 全面的

teamwork (team + work) n协作;配合

decision-making (decision + making) n决策

high-level (high + level) adj 高级的

babysit (baby + sit) v 代人临时照看小孩

cardboard (card + board) n 硬纸板

leftover (left + over) adj 剩余的

lifelong (life + long) adj 终身的;毕生的

motorway (motor + way) n高速公路

山东卷

round-trip (round + trip) adj来回旅程的

willpower (will + power)n意志力

first-generation(first + generation) adj 第一代的

well-rounded (well + rounded) adj全面的

intake(in + take) n(食物等的)摄取量

undergraduate (under + graduate) n本科生

daytime(day + time) n 白天

rainwater (rain + water) n 雨水

naturally-grown(naturally + grown) adj 自然生长的

postcard (post + card) n 明信片

三、转化词

全国I卷

However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does.

pound v[名词动词化] 连续重击

We’re thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day.

engineer v[名词动词化] 改变(动植物等的)基因结构

The technology, Strano said, could one day be used to light the rooms.

light v[名词动词化] 照亮

全国II卷

It was a special time to bond with my children.

bond v[名词动词化](与某人)培养一种特殊的关系

Frequent them and talk about them when you can.

frequent v [形容词动词化] 常去;常到

The plum trees are the first to flower even as the snow is melting.

flowerv[名词动词化] 开花

全国III卷

Discover the China of “past ages,” its walled cities, temples and mountain scenery with Prof. Robert Thorp.

wall v[名词动词化] 用墙把……围住

The creative team ... and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image(图像).

process v[名词动词化] 处理

And there are questions about the films ... are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.

filmv[名词动词化](把……)拍成电影

The Bajau, as these people are known, number in the hundreds of thousands in Indonesia, Malaysia and the Philippines.

number v[名词动词化] 总计

They made a living as divers, spearfishing or harvesting shellfish.

harvest v[名词动词化] 捕猎(动物、鱼等)

浙江卷

To get the most out of reading these plays, try to picture the play on stage.

picture v[名词动词化] 想象;设想

Challenging work that requires ... might help your brain stay sharp as you age.

age v[名词动词化] 变老

My brother, of course, raced off to be with his friends, while I had plenty to do myself.

racev[名词动词化] 快速移动

They’re all memories I treasure today.

treasurev[名词动词化] 珍惜;珍视

I’ve been farming sheep on a hillside for 54 years.

farmv[名词动词化] 饲养

山东卷

Wateringyoung plants in the dry season was tough for a lone boy.

waterv [名词动词化] 给(植物)浇水

如果你还不满足于只学不练,别着急,小编为你量身打造了检测小卷,希望你能小试身手,一气呵成。

构词法检测小卷

一、根据所给提示填空。

1. en-(使)+ sure → ensure v 确保;保证

2. addition + -al(……的)→ additional adj

3. familiar + -ity(表示具有某种特征的状态 )→ familiarity n

4. transform + -ive(具有……性质的)→ transformative adj

5. physical + -ly → physicallyadv

6. un-()+ common → uncommon adj 不常有的;罕见的

7. employ + -ee(被……者)→ employee n

8. harm + -ful(易于……的)→ harmfuladj

9. treat + -ment(……的行为)→ treatmentn

10. em-()+ power → empowerv 授权;使能够

11. psychology + -ist(从事……的专家)→ psychologistn

12. predict + -or(……物)→ predictorn

13. environmental + -ist(……主义者)→ environmentalistn

14. eco-(生态)+ system → ecosystem n

15. risk + -y(有……特征的)→ riskyadj

16. wonder + -ment(……的状况)→ wondermentn

17. soft + -en()→ softenv 使变温和

18. renew + -al(……行为)→ renewaln

19. taste + -y(有……特征的)→ tastyadj

20. multi-()+ generation + -al → multigenerationaladj 多代的

21. un-()+ pack → unpackv 打开(盒子、包或手提箱等)取出(物品)

22. speech + -less(无)→ speechless adj

23. milk + -y(多……的)→ milkyadj

24. effective + -ness(……的性质或状态)→ effectivenessn

25. guide + -ance(……的行为)→ guidancen

26. popular + -ity(……的状态)→ popularityn

27. meaning + -ful(充满……的)→ meaningfuladj

28. machine + -ery(……的群体或集体)→ machineryn

29. dis-(取消)+ qualify + -tion → disqualificationn

30. warm + -th(……的性质或状态)→ warmthn

31. report + -age(……行为)→ reportagen

32. viewer + -ship(……的数量)→ viewershipn;观众类型

33. over-(过多)+ weight → overweightadj

34. earth + -en(由……制成的)→ earthenadj

35. time + table → timetablen

36. ground + water → groundwater n

37. life + time → lifetime n

38. on + board → onboardadj

39. fine + art → fine artn

40. high + income → high-incomeadj

41. self + control → self-controln

42. show + case → showcasev

43. out + come → outcomen

44. foot + step → footstepn

45. in + depth → in-depthadj

46. off + set → off-setadj

47. door + way → doorwayn

48. stand + point → standpointn

49. care + free → carefreeadj;无牵挂的;无责任的

50. house + warming → housewarmingn

51. hand + bag → handbagn

52. shop + keeper → shopkeepern

53. life + like → lifelikeadj;生动的;栩栩如生的

54. master + piece → masterpiece n;名著;代表作

55. water + fall → waterfalln

56. cure + all → cure-alln万灵药;

57. baby + sit → babysitv

58. left + over → leftoveradj

59. life + long → lifelongadj终身的;

60. round + trip → round-tripadj

61. will + power → willpowern

62. well + rounded → well-rounded adj

63. in + take → intake n

64. under + graduate → undergraduate n

65. day + time → daytime n

二、写出下列句子中画线部分的汉语释义。

1. He began pounding the keyboard of his computer.____________________

2. We can’t genetically engineer humans.____________________

3. The room was lit by one large, central light.____________________

4. Mothers who are depressed sometimes fail to bond with their children.

____________________

5. We met in a local bar much frequented by students.____________________

6. When does this plant flower?____________________

7. Why not visit the beautiful walled city of York?____________________

8. All university applications are processed through this system.

____________________

9. Most of the scenes were filmed in a studio.____________________

10. After the hurricane the homeless numbered over 200,000.

____________________

11. We found it hard to picture him as the father of teenage sons.

____________________

12. As he aged, his memory got worse.____________________

13. He raced into the village on his bike.____________________

14. Jim treasured the gold pocket watch that his grandfather had given him.

____________________

15. They farm dairy cattle.____________________

16. Will you water my houseplants while I’m away?____________________

构词法检测小卷答案

一、

1. 使    2. 额外的     3. 熟悉;亲近     4. 革命性的;变革的     5. 身体上     6. 不     7. 受雇者;雇员     8. 有害的     9. 处理;治疗     10. 使     11. 心理学家     12. 有预测作用的事物     13. 环保主义者     14. 生态系统     15. 冒险的     16. 惊奇;惊喜     17. 使     18. 恢复;更新     19. 美味的     20. 多的     21. 取走     22. 说不出话的     23. 奶制的;像奶的     24. 有效性     25. 指导;引导     26. 受欢迎;普及;流行     27. 有意义的     28. 机器;机械     29. 取消资格     30. 温暖;热情     31. 事件报道     32. 观众人数     33. 超重的     34. 陶制的     35. 时刻表     36. 地下水     37. 一生;终生     38. 在船(或飞机、车)上的     39. 美术(尤指绘画和雕塑)     40. 高收入的     41. 自制力     42. 展示     43. 结果     44. 脚步声;足迹     45. 彻底的;渗入详尽的     46. 在拍摄场外的     47. 门口;门道     48. 观点;立场     49. 无忧无虑的     50. 乔迁聚会     51. 手提包     52. 店主     53. 逼真的     54. 杰作     55. 瀑布     56. 灵丹妙药     57. 代人临时照看小孩     58. 剩余的     59. 毕生的     60. 来回旅程的     61. 意志力     62. 全面的     63.(食物等的)摄取量    64. 本科生     65. 白天

二、

1. 猛敲      2. 改变(动植物等的)基因结构     3. 照亮     4.(与某人)培养一种特殊的关系     5. 常去;常到     6. 开花     7. 有城墙的城市     8. 处理     9.(把……)拍成电影     10. 总计     11. 想象;设想     12. 变老     13. 快速移动     14. 珍惜;珍视     15. 饲养     16. 给(植物)浇水


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